Billblog794

Water Well Casing Leak Symptoms, Diagnosis, Repairs - leaks in the main well bore, pipe, or casing PS: That missing piece in the 'Cap' is further evidence of what probably happened; the Asset Manager during Foreclosure hired someone to plow the snow who had never been there before, and didn't know where the well was located. If you have a leak in your water well casing, it is important to identify the leak as quickly as possible. Here are some of the warning signs to pay attention to: You notice the water flow has decreased. You see dirt, sand, or sediment in the water.

The expiration of an oil and gas lease's primary term does not necessarily release all non-producing lands. This can be so even when the lease contains a Pugh Clause. Typically, most leases contain savings provisions that extend the lease beyond the primary term when the lessee “continuously prosecutes” drilling operations. A sample of this saving provision from the Producer's 88 lease form is as follows:
Subject to the other provisions herein contained, this lease shall remain in force for a term of ____ years from this date (herein called 'primary term') and as long thereafter as oil and gas, or either of them, is produced from the above described land or drilling operations are continuously prosecuted as hereinafter provided. 'Drilling operations' includes operations for the drilling of a new well, the reworking, deepening or plugging back of a well or hole or other operations conducted in an effort to obtain or re-establish production or oil or gas; and drilling operations shall be considered to be 'continuously prosecuted' if not more than 180 days shall elapse between the completion or abandonment of one well or hole and the commencement of drilling operations on another well or hole. If, after the expiration of the primary term of this lease, oil or gas is not being produced from the leased premises but lessee is then engaged in drilling operations, this lease shall continue in force so long as drilling operations are continuously prosecuted; and if production of oil or gas results from any such drilling operations, this lease shall continue in force so long as oil or gas shall be produced from the leased premises. If after the expiration of the primary term of this lease, production on the leased premises should cease, this lease shall not terminate if lessee is then prosecuting drilling operations, or within 180 days after each such cessation of production commences drilling operations, and this lease shall remain in force so long as such operations are continuously prosecuted, and if production results therefrom, then as long thereafter as oil or gas is produced from the leased premises.

1. Some symptoms of a cracked well casing include: sudden appearance of dirt or cloudy water reduction in the well water flow rate appearance of bacteria, which would lead to unusual taste/smell of well water.
2. Two Signs Your Water Well Is In Trouble Two signs your well is having problems is when your well is pumping air and/or your electrical utility bill has recently increased dramatically, indicating your well pump is running constantly. The typical modern residential well can produce many years of excellent water with a minimum of servicing.
3. But common symptoms that lead to an investigation of the condition of the casing (possibly requiring a CCTV camera) include Sudden appearance of dirt, sand, debris in the water supply A reduction in well flow rate A new bacterial or other contamination problem in the well water.

Even a Pugh clause does not ordinarily defeat these savings provisions. The function of the Pugh clause is to prevent the lessee from holding non-producing lands with a single production unit. It does not prohibit the establishment of production and holding of lands by savings provisions. The typical Pugh clause reads as follows:
If at the end of the primary term, a part but not all of the land covered by this lease, on a surface acreage basis, is not included within a unit or units in accordance with the other provisions hereof, this lease shall terminate as to such part, or parts, of the land lying outside such unit or units, unless this lease is perpetuated as to such land outside such unit or units by operations conducted thereon or by the production of oil, gas or other minerals, or by such operations and such production in accordance with the provisions hereof.
Note that not only does the typical Pugh clause not conflict with the 'continuously prosecuted' savings provisions, but it acknowledges the possibility that the lease may be perpetuated beyond the primary term by those very savings provisions.
In a bid to test these savings provisions, a large Colorado landowner argued that a 'completion' was an ambiguous term in the savings provisions. That is, it the completion date could be the date on which the well cased and perforated or the date on which the well was hydraulically fractured. The case of Bledsoe Land Company, LLLP v. Forest Oil was decided on June 23, 2011. See the opinion at http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3498925303401075223.
To understand the landowner's argument, a little background on completion is instructive. A conventional oil and gas reservoir has its own energy to force the migration of oil and gas to the surface (“up hole”). Completion is a simple matter of drilling the well, setting production casing, and perforating the production casing. The perforations are the holes in the casing that allow oil and gas to flow from the reservoir rock into the casing. The casing is the pipe that contains the oil and gas on its way up to the surface. The reservoir releases its energy without any further stimulation allowing the oil and gas to flow up hole. There is, therefore, an argument that 'completion' means what it does in the conventional sense--the setting and perforation of production casing.
With tight gas and oil found in shale formations, it takes more than the setting and perforation of production casing to recover the oil or gas because there is no readily available reservoir energy. The producer must create cracks in the formation to release the formation's energy so that the oil and gas to flows up hole. The producer accomplishes this with hydraulic fracturing. Using thousands of pounds of pressure, the producer forces a cocktail of chemicals, sand, and water through the production casing perforations. The force applied to the water breaks the formation apart and the sand props these fractures open so that oil and gas can flow up hole.
In Bledsoe, the landowners' acreage was being held beyond the primary term by continuous operations with 180 day continuous drilling savings provisions. The lessee commenced a subsequent well 184 days past the casing of the first well and 197 days past the perforation of the casing in the first well, but only 176 days after the hydraulic fracturing of the first well. The landowner won at the trial level, with trial court declaring the term “completion” to be ambiguous. After reviewing the extrinsic evidence, the trial court found that “completion” meant the setting and perforation of production casing.
The appeals court in Bledsoe overturned the trial court’s ruling that the term “completion” was ambiguous. Citing to a number of authorities that the ordinary accepted usage in the oil and gas industry of the word “completion” meant the well was “capable or ready to produce gas,” the court reasoned that term was meant in its ordinary and accepted meaning in the oil and gas industry. As a result, the completion date occurred after the hydraulic fracturing treatment rather than on the date the casing was set and perforated, keeping the lease alive for the drilling of a subsequent well.
The Bledsoe decision has application for leases in unconventional oil and gas areas where hydraulic fracturing is the norm. In Arkansas, the decision may provide some secondary authority for similarly worded leases. Additionally, the case may serve as secondary authority that “completion” as used in the statutory Pugh Clause should occur upon the hydraulic fracturing treatment rather than upon the setting and perforation of casing.
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What is a facial fracture?

A facial fracture is a broken bone in the face. The face has a complex bone structure. The facial skeleton consists of the:

• Frontal bone (forehead).
• Zygomas (cheekbones).
• Orbital bones (eye sockets).
• Nasal bones.
• Maxillary bones (upper jaw).
• Mandible (lower jaw).

There are many other bones that are found deeper within the facial structure. Muscles required for chewing, swallowing and talking are attached to these bones.

Symptoms Of A Cracked Well Casing Pictures

Nasal fractures (broken nose) are the most common. Fractures to other facial bones can also occur. You might only have one fracture, or you might have several broken bones. Multiple fractures are more likely to occur during a motor vehicle accident or other high-impact accident. Fractures may be unilateral (occurring on one side of the face) or bilateral (occurring on both sides of the face).

Is a facial fracture a serious problem?

If you suffer from a facial injury, you should seek immediate medical attention. Some fractures are minor. However, complex fractures may cause irreversible damage and can even be life-threatening.

Located near to the bones in your face are the nerves and muscles that are responsible for sensations, expressions and eye movements. The muscles and nerves are located near to the facial bones. The face is close to the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Fractures may result in damage to cranial nerves, depending on the particular type and location of the fracture. Fractures to the orbit (eye socket) may result in problems with vision. Fractures of the nose may make it difficult for the injured person to breathe or smell. Also, fractures of the jawbones may cause breathing problems or make it difficult to chew, speak, or swallow.

What are the kinds of facial fractures?

There are several main types of facial fractures.

• Nasal bones (broken nose): Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial fracture. The nasal bone is made up of two thin bones. It takes less force to break the nasal bones than other facial bones because they are thin and prominent. Usually, the nose looks deformed or feels sore to the touch after a fracture. Swelling in the area might make it more difficult to assess how much damage has occurred. Nosebleeds and bruising around the nose are common symptoms of a nasal fracture.
• Frontal bone (forehead) fractures: The frontal bone is the main bone in the forehead area. A high-impact injury to the head can cause a fracture of the frontal bone and floor of the sinuses. The fracture is mostly likely to occur in the middle of the forehead. That’s where the bone is the thinnest and weakest. An injury may cause the bone to be indented (pushed inward). Substantial force is required to fracture the frontal bone, so often other injuries to the face and skull or neurological trauma may be present. Associated problems may include leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid, eye injuries and damage to the sinus ducts.
• Zygomaticomaxillary fractures (broken cheekbone/upper jaw): The zygomas (cheekbones) are attached at several points to the upper jaw (maxilla) and bones of the skull. Fractures to the cheekbone(s) might also involve breaks in other facial bones nearby.
• Orbital fractures (eye socket): There are three main types of orbital fractures.
  • Orbital rim fracture: The outer rim is the thickest part of the eye socket. It requires a lot of force to break the bone. Many other injuries may accompany an orbital rim fracture, such as damage to the optic nerve.
  • Blowout fractures: The orbital rim remains intact in this case, but a crack forms in the thin bone at the lower part of the eye socket. The eye muscles and other structures can become entrapped in the break and prevent the eyeball from moving normally.
  • Direct orbital floor fracture: This is a rim fracture that extends into the lower socket.
• Mid-face (Le Fort fractures): Blunt force trauma tends to cause fractures along three lines of weakness in the mid-face. One characteristic of all types of Le Fort fractures is the fracture of the pterygoid processes, part of the sphenoid bone. There are three main types of Le Fort fractures, but there may be individual variations.
  • Le Fort I: The fracture extends above the upper jaw (maxilla).
  • Le Fort II: The fracture extends from the lower part of one cheek, below the eye, across the bridge of the nose, and to the lower part of the other cheek.
  • Le Fort III: The fracture extends across the bridge of the nose and the bones surrounding the eyes.
• Mandible (lower jaw): The mandible holds the lower teeth in place and moves when you are talking or chewing. Fractures of the lower jaw affect the sections of the lower jaw that supports teeth (called the body), the part where the jaw curves upwards into the neck (the angle) or the knob-shaped joint at the top of the jaw bone (the condyle) or the point where the two sides of the lower jaw are joined (the symphysis). If you have a break in the lower jaw, you may also have broken or loose teeth.

What causes facial fractures?

You can break the bones in your face in many ways, including:

• High-impact accidents, such as motor vehicle accidents.
• Sports injuries.
• Workplace accidents.
• Falls.
• Interpersonal trauma like fighting or domestic violence.

What are the symptoms of a facial fracture?

Symptoms of a fracture to the face may include pain as well as bruising, swelling or tenderness.

Symptoms of a nose fracture may include:

• Purplish patch on skin caused when blood leaks from broken blood vessels (also called bruising or ecchymosis).
• Discoloration under the eyes (“black eyes”).
• Blockage of one or both nostrils or a deviated septum.
• Twisted or crooked nose or indented bridge.
• Nosebleed.

Symptoms of an orbital fracture may include:

Oil Well Casing

• Blurry, decreased or double vision (diplopia).
• Difficulty in moving eyes left, right, up or down.
• Swollen forehead or cheek or swelling under the eyes.
• Flatness of the cheeks.
• Sunken or bulging eyeballs.
• Facial numbness near the injury.
• Blood or discoloration in the white part of the eye.

Well Casing Repair Cost

Symptoms of upper or lower jaw fractures:

Repair Cracked Well Casing

• Trouble with chewing, eating, or speaking.
• Loose, broken or missing teeth.
• Teeth not fitting together properly.
• Cheek pain when opening the mouth.